THE ORCHESTRA: A USER'S MANUAL

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Introduction	Orchestration	Orchestration	Resources	Historical	Andrew Hugill
					Philharmonia

TUBA

Section: Brass
Transposing? No

Construction
Range
Articulations
Effects
Mutes
Extended
Player's Tips and Tricks

Effects

NAME	DESCRIPTION	NOTATION	LISTEN/VIEW	COMMENTS
vibrato	undulation in pitch	verbal instruction, sometimes with wavy line	vibrato lower register higher register	Produced either by diaphragm and instrument motion used together, or by embouchure. Vibrato is used sparingly in the orchestra.
glissando	slide in pitch between notes		low register high register	Half-valves in the lower register, and harmonic series or 'lip' glissando in the upper register.
trills	rapid alternation between two pitches	this shows a minor trill followed by a major trill, indicated by accidentals over the note. If these are not given, players will choose trill type based on musical context. The wavy lines indicating duration of trill are also optional.	trills low register mid register high register	All trills are possible, but those in the bottom register are extremely 'woolly'.
tremolo (or shake)	rapid alteration between two pitches more than a tone apart		tremolos low register mid register high register	Very slow and awkward. The pitches are indistinguishable in the bottom register.